According to David Comer Kidd and Emanuele Castano of The New School for Social Research : yes.
Click here to get the New York Times's take on these findings.
Here's a summary of Kidd and Castano's article “Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind” (published online October 3, 2013; in print: 18 October 2013: Vol 342 no 6156, pp. 377-380) written by the editor of Science, the journal in which it was published:
"Theory of Mind is the human capacity to comprehend that other people hold beliefs and desires and that these may differ from one's own beliefs and desires. The currently predominant view is that literary fiction—often described as narratives that focus on in-depth portrayals of subjects' inner feelings and thoughts—can be linked to theory of mind processes, especially those that are involved in the understanding or simulation of the affective characteristics of the subjects. Kidd and Castano (p. 377, published online 3 October) provide experimental evidence that reading passages of literary fiction, in comparison to nonfiction or popular fiction, does indeed enhance the reader's performance on theory of mind tasks."
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